v Sub division of plants;
· Difference b/w Flowering plants and Non-flowering plants
v Salient features of following non-flowering plants;
1) Algae
· Habitat
· Life style
· Structure
· Mode of nutrition
· Classification
· Examples
· Importance
v Fungi ;
· Structure
Ø Hyphae
Ø Mycelium
· Mode of nutrition
Ø Heterotrophs
Ø Parasites
Ø Saprotrophs
· Examples
· Importance
Ø Advantages
Ø Disadvantages
· Mushrooms
v Mosses ;
· Habitat
· Life style
· Root, stem & leaves
· Vascular tissues
· Examples
v Ferns ;-
· Habitat
· Roots, stem & leaves
· Flowers, fruits, &seeds
· Vascular tissues(xylem+phloem)
· Examples
v Conifers;-
· Habitat
· Evergreen plants
· Roots , stem ,
· Leaves
· Seed
· Vascular tissues
· Examples
v Salient features of Flowering plants;
· Definition
· Fruits & seeds
· Classification
· Types difference b/w MONOCOTS & DOCOTS
· Importance
1. Source of food
2. Source of perfumes
3. Source of wood
4. Source of beauty
v Identification of plants with the help of key;-
· Key
· Plant key
o Subdivision of plants;-
Plants are classified into following TWO major groups;-
1. Flowering plants
2. Non-flowering plants
· Difference b/w flowering plants & non-flowering plants
Ø Flowering plants;-
These are vascular plants that produce flowers.
Examples;-
1. Pea
2. Rose
3. Sarson
Ø Non-flowering plants;
They do not produce flowers.
Examples;
1. Algae
2. Fungi
3. Mosses
4. Ferns
5. Conifers
o Salient features of NON-FLOWERING plants;
· Algae ;
They are the simplest group of plant kingdom.
Ø Habitat ;
They are found in fresh water & sea.
Ø Life style;
Algae either;
1. Float in water
2. Attached to stones
Ø Structure ;
1. They are both UNICELLULAR & MULTICELLULAR.
2. Some multicellular algae are in the form of filaments.
3. Cells of algae contain NULEUS & other structures.
4. They contain CHLOROPHYLL.
Ø Mode of nutrition;
Autotrophs;-
Due to presence of chlorophyll , they manufacture their own food through photosynthesis ,that is why they are called “AUTOTROPHS”.
Ø Classification;
On the basis of structural COLOUR & DIFEERENCES algae are classified as following;
1. Green algae
2. Brown algae
3. Golden algae
4. Red algae
Ø Examples;
1) Chlamydomonas
2) Spirogyra
Ø Importance;
They are source of OXYGEN & food for aquatic animals. In this way they have the basic position in FOOD CHAIN.
· Fungi;
Ø Structure;
v Hyphae ;
Fungi are composed of numerous threads like structures called hyphae.
v Mycelium;
Hyphae are in the form of groups called mycelium.
Ø Mode of nutrition;
1. Heterotrophs; they lack chlorophyll, so they cannot manufacture their own food but get prepared food, hence are called heterotrophs.
2. Parasites; some are parasites & obtain their food from other living organisms.
3. Saprotrophs; Majority of them are Saprotrophs i.e. they obtain their nutrition from decaying bodies of plants & animals.
Ø Examples ;
Rhizopus, mushrooms
Ø Importance;
v ADVANTAGES;
1. Source of food; many fungi i.e. mushrooms are used as food, by man.
2. Decomposition; fungi i.e. bacteria act as decomposers.
§ Decomposers;
“Organisms that decompose dead organic matter i.e. they convert complex compounds into simple ones are called decomposers.”
3. Source of Antibiotics;
§ Penicillin is obtained from the FUNGUS “penicillium”.
v DISADVANTAGES;
Fungi cause following diseases in plants, & human beings;
1. In plants;
§ Rust
§ Smut
Diseases of WHEAT, MAIZE, RICE & SUGARCANE.
2. In humans;
§ Athlete’s foot
§ Ringworm
· Mushrooms;
~HABITAT;
During rainy season umbrella like mushrooms appear on dumps of debris and heaps of dung.
~There are various kinds of mushrooms.
~COMPOSITION;
They are rich in PROTEINS. Some of them are fatal and poisonous & cause death.
· Mosses ;
Ø Habitat;
They are found in cold, moist & shady places.
Ø Life style;
§ They live both in WATER & on LAND.
§ Early developmental stages are passes in water and rest of life as an adult stage live on land.
Ø Roots, stem, & leaves ;They lack root, stem & leaves BUT root, stem & leaf like structures are present.
Ø Vascular tissues;(xylem & phloem)
Vascular tissues are absent.
Ø Examples ;
§ Funeria
§ Polytricum
· Ferns ;-
Ø Habitat ;-
They are adapted to live in cold, shady & humid places.
Ø Roots, stems, & leaves;
They have well developed roots, stems, & leaves.
Ø Flowers, fruits, & seeds;-
They do not produce flowers, fruits, & seeds.
Ø Vascular tissues;-
They are present.
1. Xylem tissue for conduction of WATER.
2. Phloem tissue for transpiration of food.
Ø Examples;-
§ Dryopteris
§ Adiantum
§ Pteris
· Conifers:-
Ø Habitat ;-
They are found in colder & hilly areas i.e.
§ Muree
§ Kaghan
§ Swat
§ Gilgit
Ø Evergreen plants;-
They remain green throughout the year hence called evergreen plants.
Ø Roots, stem;-
They have prominent roots & stem.
Ø Leaves;-
The leaves are long, narrow, & needle like.
Ø Vascular tissues;-
Xylem & phloem are present in conifers.
Ø Examples;-
§ Deodar (cedar)
§ Pines (chir & chalgoza)
§ Thuja (moor pankh)
§ Saroo
§ Juniper (sanober)
· Salient features of flowering plants;-
Ø Definition;-
“These are vascular plants & have flowers.
Ø Habitat ;-
These are found in plains.
Ø Fruits & seeds;-
They produce fruits & seeds.
Ø Classification ;-
They are classified into following groups;-
§ Herbs
§ Shrubs
§ Trees
Ø Types ;-
They are divided into following TWO groups on the basis of the NO. OF COTYLEDONS in the seed.
1. Monocots or monocotyledons
2. Dicots or dicotyledons
Ø Difference b/w MONOCOTS & DICOTS;-
| MONOCOTS 1.Those plants which have one cotyledon in the seed. 2. Their leaves are long & have parallel veins. 3.examples;- Wheat, maize, rice, sugarcane, grass | DICOTS 1.Those plants which have two cotyledons in their seed. 2. Their leaves are usually broad, &have branched veins forming a network. 3.examples;- Pea, rose, sunflower, sarson, apple, mango, orange etc. |
Ø Importance;-
1. Source of food:
§ Cereals;-
Wheat, maize, rice, etc. are used as food.
§ Vegetables;-
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